1. Open your start menu and search for "Credential Manager". When you click the start button, just start typing to search.

2. Open credential manager and go to Windows Credentials.

3. Scroll down to one of the Generic Credentials that says MicrosoftOffice16_Data:ADAL: + a bunch of random letters. It doesn't matter which one.

4. Click remove and then Yes on the prompt.

5. Restart Outlook and you should get a proper MFA prompt.